lampu pijar

Tahu lampu kan..?tentunya di era zaman yang katanya canggih begini semua orang pasti mengenal lampu.Hanya saja, mungkin ga semua orang mengenal bagaimana lampu pijar (topiik di tulisan ini) bekerja..Mau tahu..?ok, ini tulisan saya petik dari sebuah buku keterampilan listrik praktis oleh John B Robertson)

Lampu pijar adalah merupakan lampu yang menghasilkan cahaya dg memanaskan serabut pijar (filament) sampai suhu panas putih. Serabut pijar ialah kawat logam halus yang mempunyai hambatan terhadap arus yang lewat. Di dalam serabut pijar inilah tenaga listrik diubah menjadi panas dan cahaya. Oh ya, serabut pijar merupakan suatu logam dengan titik leleh yang sangat tinggi, oleh karena itulah maka harus ditempatkan di dalam bola tertutup yang hampa udara.

Bola lampu dibuat dari kaca yang jernih, udaranya telah diambil dari bola sedemikian rupa tinggal menghabiskan bola lampu hampa udara tanpa terdapat zat asam lagi. Keadaan seperti ini akan mencegah filament terbakar habis. 

Jika bola lampu diisi dengan gas argon, maka gas argon itu akan mencegah filament menguap. Filament yang menyala di dalam tempat yang di isi gas argon suhunya menjadi lebih tinggi dengan demikian akan lebih banyak menghasilkan cahaya.

Untuk membaurkan cahaya yang kuat dan berpusat dan berpusat pada serabut pijar, banyak lampu-lampu yang di buat dari kaca buram, seperti: kaca putih susu,kaca buram atau kaca berwarna. Lampu-lampu ini biasanya digunakan sebagailampu hias. Selain lampu kaca buram ada pula lampu yang dilengkapi dengan lapisan dari bahan pemantul (cermin). Lampu jenis ini dikenal dengan sebutan lampu sorot.

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Electric Lamp

Commonly used types of light sources, including incandescent, flourescent, and high intensity discharge lamps:

• incandescent lamps

Incandescent means glowing due to heat. development of the incandescent lamp marked the beginning of efficient electric lighting. Tungsten wire is generally used as the filament. when an electric current flows through the tungsten wire, the wire becomes warm due to I^2R heating effect. If the current through the wire is high enough, the heating causes the wire to glow. This is the principle of an incandescent lamp.Most incandescent lamps are either evacuated or have an inert gas instead of a vacuum inside the bulb. Most bulbs are coated or frosted to diffuse the light, making it more appealing and reducing glare. Only about 6-12 percent of the energy emitted from an incandescent bulb will be in the visible range. Most of the radiation is in the infrared region.

• Fluorescent lamps

In many application fluorescent lamps have several advantages over incandescent lamps including:

1. an effeciency of two to three times as many lumens per watt as an incandescent. This means they can operate at 50% or less of the ennergy cost of equivalent tungstent lightning system
2. Less heat is given off per lument of lighting
3. Light produce less glare since the source is distributed over a larger area
4. under ordinary operating conditions, five to ten times the life expectancy of incandescents.

Fluorescent lamps are available in three main types, classified by their type of starting and operating circuit: Hot cathode, preheated-starting;hot cathode, instant starting;and cold cathode. The lamp consists of a glass tube fitted with special sockets for each type. The inside of the tube is coated with chemicals called phosphors which give off visible light when exposed to ultraviolet light.

• High intensity discharge lamps

High intensity discharge (HID) lamps include the groups of lamps commonly known as mercury, metal halide and high pressure sodium. The light producing element of these lamp types is an arc discharge within an envelope (arc tube)

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Manfaat Belut untuk Kejantanan Pria

Memiliki Mr P yang besar..?wow banyak pria yang merasa bangga dengan memiliki Mr P yang besar, konon dengan Mr P yang besar akan menimbulkan sensasi yang luar biasa bagi pasangannya.Lalu bagaimana kalau pria dengan Mr P yang   relatip ukurannya  lebih kecil..?Ga usah kawatir berikut ada salah satu cara yang dapat ditempuh untuk memperoleh Mr P yang besar...yaitu dengan ramuan tradional...
*1 sendok makan adas pulosari
*kepala belut liar kira-kira 2 ekor( bukan yang diternakkan)
*4-5 benalu cemara (banyak terdapat disisi batang cemara)

Caranya :

Belut dipotong antara tubuh dan kepalanya, ambil kepalanya saja. Panggang kedua kepala belut tersebut di atas api hingga hangus menjadi arang. Lalu gerus sampai menjadi bubuk yang halus

Adas pulosari dan pucuk benalu cemara ditumbuk jadi satu, kemudian disaring dan diambil sarinya saja, kurang lebih 1/4 cangkir, lalu campurkan dengan gerusan kepala belut tersebut.

Selanjutnya aduk sampai rata, lalu campurkan ludah basi (ludah yang diambil saat habis bangun tidur pagi hari) aduk yang rata, gunakan bahan ramuan ini untuk mengurut Mr P.

Cara mengurutnya dari atas ke pucuk Mr P, yaitu mengurut menurun. Lama pengurutan kurang lebih 10 menit. Bahan ramuan di atas untuk sekali pakai. Esok paginya buat ramuan baru. Lakukan cara ini sampai kurang lebih satu bulan penuh, biasanya hasilnya akan langsung nampak dan memuaskan, Mr P akan membesar dan kuat.

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Electrical grounding

The term grounding, in electrical terminology, means connected either directly or indirectly to earth. The purpose of grounding is for safety. Grounding can be divided into two section; system grounding, which is grounding of current-carrying portion of the system and equipment grounding, which is grounding of equipment not intended to be at a voltage potential difference from the earth. These two types of grounding have distinctly different functions as will be discussed in the following two section.
The principle reason for system grounding is to limit the voltage between any conductor and the earth to a minimum value for the system being used. Before going on, let us more carefully define the term voltage to ground. A ground can be a grounding electrode or any conductive material connected directly or indirectly to earth. For example, metal pipes (water, gas,drain) in a building are connected to other pipes, which in turn are buried in the ground. Thus metal pipes can be considered as paths to ground or grounds. Voltage to ground will be the voltage between any point in the electrical system and any object that is grounded.Good system grounding is dependent on establishing low resistance paths to earth at each system grounding point. The grounding electrode system is made up of components which contact the earth. The NEC(250-81) states that if available on the premises, at each building or structure each of the following items should be bonded together to form the grounding electrode system: (a) metal underground water pipe with at least 3 m in the earth (b) metal frame of the building where effectively grounded (c)concrete-encased electrode- and electrode encased in at least 51 mm of concrete, located within or near the bottom of a concretere foundation (d) ground ring encircling the building at least 76 cm below the surface..(source:Fundamentals of electricity for agriculture by Robert J. Gutason)

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